In line with the change from the one-child policy to the two-child policy，the family planning reward and assistance policies must be adjusted accordingly．Adjustment of the reward and assistance policies should abide by the principles of scientific connection，fairness，state responsibility and social participation．A country-led social security mechanism needs to be created to eliminate the differences in reward and assistance policies between urban and rural areas，provinces and ethnic groups，reflecting the status of the state policy and the principle of fairness．The fundamental change is to alter rewarding one-child families into encouraging the compliance with the new family planning policy．The contents need to be revised are: first，conducting a " double-track system" to implement simultaneously the old and the new methods; second，taking total responsibility to solve the practical difficulties of one- child families and special families resulting from the one-child policy; third，adding a key point，that is to solve the practical difficulties of one-child families in which the only child is injured，sick or disabled．